Key References

Diabetes Service Frameworks
The various diabetes service frameworks have now been launched in England, Scotland and Wales, and are being developed in Northern Ireland. http://www.publications.doh.gov.uk

Position Statement - National Heart Foundation of Australia
The Heart Foundation has released a new nutrition position statement: "Position statement on the relationship between carbohydrate, dietary fibre and glycaemic index/load and cardiovascular disease". The Statement, Executive Summary and Health Professional Q & As are available at http://www.heartfoundation.com.au/index.cfm?page=41

Making every young person with diabetes matter
Report of the findings of the working group set up in 2005. The report sets out the current problems, provides guidance and makes recommendations in a number of areas including commissioning, organisation of care, provision of services and workforce.
See the Department of Health website for a copy of the report.

National Diabetes Support Team
New success stories, case studies and innovative work in diabetes are being showcased on the National Diabetes Support Team (NDST) website (click on the sub menu options under 'Infopoints' to access individual case studies/examples)
'Infopoints' are snapshots of work happening all over the country to improve diabetes care. They cover many different topics, and the ones newly added include work areas such as:
  • Diabetes screening
  • Weight management
  • Diabetes and learning disabilities
  • Medicines management
  • Reducing emergency DKA admissions
    Many of the new Infopoints were featured in the recent Department of Health publication 'The Way Ahead: The Local Challenge', charting the progress of diabetes care nationally four years on from the Diabetes National Service Framework (NSF) Delivery Strategy.

    National Diabetes Support Team - New Publications
    Beyond Boundaries: A Guide to Diabetes Networks. The 31-page document looks at all aspects of networks, including, roles, requirements and structures, and has lots of advice an analysis which can be applied to networks in any area, not just diabetes.

    The NDST has also published a factsheet examining how the forthcoming PCT reconfiguration will affect (or not) diabetes networks; again, this is a potentially useful document for any network.

    NDST website

    Diabetes networks in the NHS Networks Register

    Survey of people with diabetes - results published
    According to the findings of a survey we published recently, the majority of people with diabetes say they receive annual check-ups to assess whether their condition is under control. However, the findings also show that people with diabetes need to be offered more help by local services to manage their diabetes themselves, particularly through access to education courses and while in hospital.

    The survey, carried out last autumn, is the largest ever of people with diabetes - over 68,500 people responded from across England. It also involved the participation of 1,500 general practices and all 152 primary care trusts (PCTs). The national report of this survey will be published in the summer.

    For more information see the Health Commission website.

    Self-management initiative launched
    The Health Foundation has launched a £5 million, three-year initiative which aims to transform healthcare by making self-management an integral part of the NHS. Co-creating Health is designed to improve the health and healthcare of people with long-term conditions. Up to eight awards are on offer worth in the region of £600,000 each.

    For further details see the Health Foundation website.

    Latest guidance from NICE
  • Obesity
    "Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children"

  • Diabetes (type 1 and 2) - inhaled insulin
    "Inhaled insulin for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes"

    For full details see the NICE website

  • NICE Guidance - Behaviour Change - released October 2007

    • The most appropriate means of generic and specific interventions to support attitude and behaviour change at population and community levels. See the NICE website for a copy of the guidance.

    Health Profile of England
    Prevalence of obesity in the United Kingdom is among the highest in Europe; in England in 2003, prevalence was highest in the West Midlands for women and in Yorkshire and the Humber for men.

    Click here for a copy of the report.

    Food Standards Agency - Food Labelling
    The Food Standards Agency Board has agreed its recommendation for a consistent approach to front of pack labelling that will help make it easier for people to choose a healthier diet.

    The Agency's recommendations are based on four core principles. These have been developed as a result of extensive consumer research and feedback from supermarkets, manufacturers, consumer and public health groups.

    For further information visit the FSA website.

    Diabetes Commissioning Toolkit
    The department of Health have published the Diabetes Commissioning Toolkit, which could prove invaluable to all health professionals involved in commissioning diabetes services.
    Click here for a copy of the toolkit.

    The Food Industry, Diet, Physical Activity and Health - Report, April 2006
    The world's top 25 food companies appear not to be taking the new global diet and health agenda seriously enough, says report from The City University released on Wednesday, 5th April 2006.

    Researchers Prof Tim Lang, Dr Geof Rayner and Elizabeth Kaelin, at City's Centre for Food Policy studied the annual reports, accounts and HQ websites (to Autumn 2005) of the top 10 food manufacturers, top 10 food retailers and top 5 foodservice companies (top 3 fast food and top 2 contract caterers). They were rated for whether the companies were doing anything about the health agenda agreed by the world's governments at the World Health Organisation.
    Click     here to download a copy of the report.

    Promoting Optimal Self Care
    'The NHS Improvement Plan' has identified long term conditions as one of the 3 top priorities for the NHS in the period up to 2008. A handbook has been developed detailing consultation techniques that improve quality of life for patients and clinicians. To download the handbook click     here

    Sustainable Development Commission - Report. "Double Dividend: Promoting good nutrition and sustainable consumption through healthy school meals"
    This report, produced by the Sustainable Consumption Roundtable tackles the issues surrounding promoting good nutrition and sustainable consumption through healthy school meals. It makes several key recommendations for improving the sustainability of school meals, including using seasonal menus, local food suppliers and serving less, but better quality meat.
    For the a copy of the report visit the Sustainable Development Commission website:
    http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications.php?id=289

     Children's Food Bill
    The Children's Food Bill campaign has published a major report detailing the repeated failure of voluntary controls. The Bill seeks to protect children from junk food advertising and promotions.

    For more information visit the Sustain website: http://www.sustainweb.org/child_index.asp

     Public Health White Paper
    Government white paper - Choosing Health.
    "Action on obesity, sexually transmitted diseases, alcohol abuse and smoking is on the top of the agenda in the new White Paper on public health".

    Delivering Choosing Health is the delivery plan of the UK Public Health White Paper, Choosing Health

    Tackling obesity was one of the 6 key priorities for action. Two other action plans set out the focus of the government's approach to obesity: Choosing a Better Diet, and Choosing Activity.

    The Department of Health website: www.dh.gov.uk

    Journal Articles

  • Cochrane review - low G.I. diets and weight loss

    • The results of the Cochrane review of the evidence for low GI diets and weight loss have just been published. Click here: for the Cochrane library

  • Michael L. Dansinger, MD, MS; Athina Tatsioni, MD; John B. Wong, MD; Mei Chung, MPH; and Ethan M. Balk, MD, MPH (2007) Meta-analysis: The Effect of Dietary Counseling for Weight Loss. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(1): 41-50.
    http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/147/1/41

  • Rakiciogolu N, Samur G, Topcu A & TopcuOPÇU A A (2006) The effect of Ramadan on maternal nutrition and composition of breast milk. Paediatrics International, 48: 278-283.

  • American Diabetes Association (2006) Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes 2006: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 29:2140-2157. http://intl-care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/9/2140

  • American Diabetes Association (2006) Physical Activity/exercise and Type 2 diabetes: A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 29(6):1433-1438

  • Sales CH and de Fatima Campos Pedrosa L (2006) Magnesium and diabetes mellitus: Their relation. Clinical Nutrition, 25: 554-562. Click here for a copy of the article.

  • Donnelly JE and Smith BK (2005) Is exercise effective for weight loss with ad libitum diet? Energy balance, compensation and gender differences. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33(4):169-74.

  • Coker RH etal.(2006) Exercise induced changes in insulin action and glycogen metabolism in elderly adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

  • Kuo-Chin Huang, Kormas etal (2004) Obesity Research 12(5).
    Severely obese (BMI >35) patients withT2 DM have a higher metabolic rate than those without DM. The best predictive equation for calculating RMR in these patients is: RMR = 71.767 - 2.337 x age + 257.293 x gender (women = 0 and men = 1) +9.996 x weight (in kg) + 4.132 X height (cm) + 145.959 x DM (non-diabetic = 0) and diabetic = 1)

  • American Diabetes Association, 2002: Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications. Diabetes Care. 25, S50-S60.

  • Foster-Powell K, Holt S and Brand-Miller J, 2002. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 76, No. 1, 5-56, July. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/76/1/5

  • Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC and La Vecchia C, 2002. Review: Glycaemic index in chronic disease: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56, 1049-1071.

  • Bell S, Sears B, 2003. Low-glycaemic-load diets: Impact on obesity and chronic diseases. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. Boca Raton. Vol. 43, Iss 4; pr 357.

  • Berger M, Mühlhauser I, 1995. Implementation of intensified insulin therapy: a European perspective. Diabetic Medicine 12: 201-208

  • DAFNE Study Group, 2002. Training in flexible insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised control trial. British Medical Journal 325:746-756

  • Diabetes UK, 2003. The implementation of nutritional advice for people with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 20: 786-807.

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation and World Health Organisation, 1997. Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition - a summary of the joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. www.sugar.ca/FAOPrt.htm

  • Frost G, Dornhorst A, Moses R (Eds), 2003. Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Wiley, England
    ISBN 0 471 49751 7

  • Frost G. & Dornhorst A, 2000. The relevance of the glycaemic index to our understanding of dietary carbohydrate. Diabetic Medicine, 17:336-345

  • Ha, TKK and Lean, MEJ, 1998. Technical Review: Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 52, 467-481.

  • UKPDS 45, 2000. Effects of three months of diet after diagnosis of type II diabetes on plasma lipid and lipoproteins. Diabetic Medicine, 17:518-523

  • Mühlhauser I, Bruckner I, Berger M et al., 1987. Evaluation of an intensified insulin treatment and teaching programme as routine management of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. The Bucharest-Düsseldorf Study. Diabetologia 30: 681-690

  • Nelson M. et.al, 2000. Survey of dietetic provision for patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 17:565-571

  • Nutrition Subcommittee of the Diabetes Care Advisory Committee of Diabetes UK, 2003. The implementation of nutritional advice for people with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 20(10): 786-807.

  • The DCCT Research Group, 1993. Nutrition interventions for intensive therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 93 (7), 768-772.

  • Willet W, Manson J and Liu S, 2002. Glycaemic index, glycaemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. American Journal clinical Nutrition. 76 (suppl):274S-80S.

  • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003639/frame.html

  • Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003417/frame.html

  • Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003638/frame.html

  • Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004095/frame.html

  • Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005270/frame.html

  • Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005060/frame.html

    Books

  • Nagi D. (Ed) (2005) Exercise and Sport in Diabetes. 2nd ed. Wiley, England. ISBN-13 978-0-470-02206-X